• PIN code: A multidigit code entered on a keypad can either be used alone (normal security) or as a supplementary verification in combination with badges or biometry (high security)
• Badge: At present, it is most common to use contactless proximity badges. Depending on the type of badge and reader system used, the distance between badge and door reader may vary from a few centimeters to 20 meters
• Biometry: The person is instantly identified and authorized by bodily characteristics such as fingerprints, retina, hand geometry, or facial features

An access control system consists of door operating units, controllers and a central server. Management of the database is done from workstations; a software application is installed on the PCs in the security department. The access control can also be used to cover equipment and software: Card and biometric readers may be linked to a piece of equipment or a PC, where the person’s identification can be confirmed.

Every badge carries a microchip and can be used as a SmartCard to perform extra functions, such as:

• Cashless payment in the canteen or in vending machines
• Virtual punch card for time and attendance recording
• Access management to elevators, parking lots, etc.

The major advantage of the electronic access control system lies in the total flexibility by the separation of access rights and the actual key. On the one hand, a badge can immediately be invalidated if it has been lost, and on the other, it is possible after a job rotation to provide a staff member with a new profile with different access rights within seconds. This flexibility also allows for time-related scenarios: In the afternoon, a member of the cleaning company can enter the premises through the staff entrance, whereas at night and during weekends, access is only permitted through the main entrance.

The badge may also serve as a visual identification, and the staff member’s identity is thus made clear to both patients and visitors. Since every access attempt is controlled, it is possible to keep a log. This may prove extremely useful if – at a later stage – an incident must be investigated or proven (theft, vandalism).

For the hospital:

• Reduction of risks – control of access restrictions to staff for zones, hazardous zones or expensive equipment
• Automation of processes – time and attendance recording, cashless payments
• Customer focus – visual identification (ID badge) of staff

For staff:

• Keeping unwanted visitors out – protection of staff from assaults after hours
• Flow control – keep service corridors, stairwells and emergency pathways free of patients and visitors for greater efficiency

For the patient

• Keeping unwanted visitors out – to protect patients from aggressions, theft and disturbances, as well as maintaining their privacy
• Flow control – by managing restricted zones, the complex layout of the healthcare establishment is simplified for the patients and their visitors, ensuring better orientation and avoiding accidents in hazardous areas

While in normal circumstances, most doors of hospital should be open, and the free and clear access of patients and visitors is encouraged, in the event of a pandemic or potential outbreak (e.g. SARS in Asia in 2003), it is necessary to restrict access points, and – potentially – to track visitors.

This change is easily accomplished using an access control system in connection with a visitor management module. When correctly configured, the access control systems can be used to quickly “change modes” from free to restricted access, and the visitor management module can be used to issue visitor tags and track information required for infection control and monitoring.